第七章：储蓄和应急资金
课程学习目标：
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet，consectetur adipiscing elit。 Ut elit tellus，luctus nec ullamcorper mattis，pulvinar dapibus leo。
储蓄及金融产品简介
了解各种金融产品和储蓄的重要性对于个人理财至关重要。本章深入探讨了不同类型的银行账户、应急资金的重要性以及通货膨胀和利率如何影响储蓄。此外，它还涵盖了金融机构的基础知识以及如何有效地管理和发展个人财务。
7.1 Types of Accounts and Financial Services
金融机构提供一系列账户和服务，每种账户和服务都是针对特定的财务需求而设计的：
支票账户：
用于日常交易。 它们通常附带借记卡， 提供无限制的存款和取款。
- 优点：方便获取资金、使用借记卡、在线支付账单。
- 缺点：通常利息很低或者没有利息。
储蓄账户:
Aimed at short-term savings over time. Offer interest on the stored funds.
- 优点：赚取利息，风险低。
- 缺点：提款次数有限，与其他储蓄产品相比，利率可能较低。
货币市场账户（MMA）：
支票和储蓄账户的混合，通常具有更高的利率和更高的最低余额要求。
- 优点：更高的利率、支票签发特权。
- 缺点：最低余额要求高，交易受限。
存款证（CD）:
Fixed-term savings account with a guaranteed interest rate.
- 优点：与储蓄账户相比，利率更高，收益固定。
- 缺点：提前退出会受到处罚，并且贷款期限结束前无法取钱。
Figure: What is a Checking Account?
描述：
This image visually defines a checking account, which is a primary tool for managing day-to-day finances. It highlights the main features of the account, such as a debit card and paper checks, which are used to make purchases and pay bills. The graphic serves as a simple introduction to one of the most basic and essential products in personal finance.
要点：
- A checking account is a type of bank account that provides easy access to your money for daily transactions.
- It is designed for high liquidity, meaning you can withdraw or spend your money quickly using tools like a debit card, ATM, or online transfers.
- The main purpose of this account is for spending and bill payments, not for earning interest; most checking accounts offer little to no interest on your balance.
- Keeping track of your transactions through a bank statement or online portal is crucial for 预算 and avoiding overdrafts.
信息应用：
- A checking account is the foundation of personal financial management, acting as the operational center for your income and expenses.
- Learning to manage a checking account is a critical first step in creating a budget, tracking your spending, and building good financial habits.
- For anyone new to finance, this account is an essential tool for safely storing money, paying bills efficiently, and participating in the modern economy.
开设和管理账户：
开立银行账户通常需要提供个人身份证明、社会安全号码和初始存款。管理账户涉及监控余额、存款和取款，以及了解最低余额要求和透支费用等费用。
帐户组成部分：
帐号唯一地标识您的帐户，而路由号码标识您的银行 - 这对于直接存款和设置自动付款至关重要。
信用合作社与商业银行:
Credit unions typically offer lower fees and better interest rates but might have fewer branches and services. Commercial banks offer a broader range of services but may charge higher fees.
评估学生金融产品
学生应该考虑 支票和储蓄账户 费用低廉，资金容易获得，并提供教育资源来帮助管理财务。 优点 包括学习理财和赚取储蓄利息。 缺点 可能涉及管理最低余额要求或处理潜在费用。
7.2 Online Banking and Account Management
网上银行提供便捷的金融服务，包括开户、查询余额和资金转账。关键要素包括了解最低余额要求、月费、透支罚款和利率。定期跟踪和管理资金至关重要，以确保账户涵盖交易并避免费用。
数字： Key Benefits of Online Banking
描述：
This graphic illustrates the main advantages of using online banking for managing personal or business finances. It visually highlights key features such as 24/7 account access from any device, the ease of making digital payments, and real-time transaction monitoring. The overall message is that online banking offers a more convenient, efficient, and powerful way to handle financial tasks.
要点：
- Constant Accessibility: A major benefit of online banking is 24/7 access to your accounts from anywhere with an internet connection, eliminating the need to visit a physical bank.
- Efficiency and Cost Savings: It saves significant time by allowing you to automate bill payments and transfer funds instantly, and it often comes with lower fees than traditional banking services.
- Enhanced Financial Control: Online banking provides real-time visibility into your transactions and account balances, which is crucial for accurate budgeting and managing cash flow.
- Simplified Record-Keeping: Many platforms can integrate with accounting software, which automates bookkeeping and makes financial reporting much easier for individuals and businesses.
信息应用：
- Adopting online banking is a foundational step for modern and efficient money management.
- It provides the tools to actively track your spending, automate your savings contributions, and maintain a clear, up-to-the-minute picture of your financial health.
- By leveraging these digital tools, you can reduce time spent on financial administration and focus more energy on achieving your primary goals, like investing for the future or growing a business.
利率和储蓄
当贷款需求增加时，银行可能会提供更高的存款利率以吸引更多储户，为他们提供放贷资金。相反，在贷款市场饱和或经济低迷的情况下，借贷需求下降，银行可能会降低储蓄账户的利率。
移动支付账户与传统银行业务
移动支付账户提供了便利和易用性，但通常缺乏利息收入，与传统支付相比，降低了储蓄增长的潜力 储蓄账户，并提供利息。 加密货币账户 具有高波动性和潜在回报，但缺乏联邦保险，与联邦保险储蓄账户的安全性和稳定的增长潜力形成鲜明对比。
7.3 Comparing Mobile Payment Accounts, Cryptocurrency Accounts, and Traditional Bank Accounts
While mobile payment platforms like Venmo or Cash App and cryptocurrency wallets offer convenience and fast transactions, they typically do not provide interest earnings or federal insurance protections (like FDIC or NCUA insurance). Traditional savings and checking accounts offer lower risk, provide interest (even if modest), and are protected against institutional failures up to certain limits.
Feature | Mobile Payments | 加密货币账户 | Traditional Bank Accounts |
保险 | No federal insurance | No federal insurance | FDIC/NCUA insured |
Interest Earnings | None | Very rare | Common (low to moderate) |
无障碍设施 | High (instant transfer) | High (global access) | High (ATM, online banking) |
Risk Level | Medium to high | High (market volatility) | Low |
7.4 Why Certificates of Deposit (CDs) Typically Pay Higher Interest Rates
Certificates of Deposit (CDs) generally offer higher interest rates than regular savings accounts or interest-bearing checking accounts because they require depositors to commit their money for a specific period. This commitment gives banks more certainty about the availability of funds for lending and investments. In exchange for giving up liquidity (easy access to their funds), depositors are rewarded with higher rates. Early withdrawal often results in penalties, reinforcing the importance of keeping funds deposited for the full term.
例子：
A savings account might offer a 1% interest rate, while a 12-month CD could offer 4% during the same period.
优点：
- Higher guaranteed returns over the term.
- Safe and predictable growth.
缺点：
- Funds are locked until maturity.
- Penalties for early withdrawal.
7.5 Impact of Loan Demand on Deposit Interest Rates
When the demand for loans rises, banks often need additional funds to meet the demand. To attract more deposits (which they use to fund new loans), they may offer higher interest rates on savings accounts, CDs, and other deposit products. Essentially, banks are willing to pay more to bring in money they can lend out profitably.
例子：
If mortgage applications rise sharply, banks may raise deposit rates from 1.5% to 2% to attract savers and balance their funding needs.
7.6 Market Conditions Leading to Lower Savings Rates
In times of economic slowdown or when consumers and businesses are not borrowing as much, banks don’t need as many deposits. As a result, they may lower the interest rates paid on savings accounts. This often occurs during recessions or when central banks lower benchmark interest rates to stimulate the economy.
例子：
During a recession, banks may drop savings account interest rates from 2% down to 0.5%, reflecting lower loan demand and economic conditions.
7.7 Impact of Spending vs. Saving
在立即消费和为未来储蓄之间做出选择是一个常见的困境。如果即时满足阻碍了实现更重要的财务目标（如购房或确保舒适的退休生活），那么它可能会导致后悔。
场景 1：
埃米莉一时冲动决定购买一台高端笔记本电脑，因为它的先进功能很吸引人。几个月后，她后悔没有把这笔钱存起来去考一个专业认证，这本来可以促进她的职业生涯，这凸显了优先考虑长期财务目标而不是眼前满足的重要性。
场景 2：
收到奖金后，杰克立即预订了一次昂贵的假期。虽然很愉快，但后来他希望自己能把一部分钱存起来作为应急基金，以备汽车需要意外维修时使用，这强调了享受当下和为未来做准备之间的平衡。
数字： Pay Off Debt vs. Save Money: Which Comes First?
描述：
This image tackles the common financial dilemma of whether to focus on paying off debt 或者 building savings. It presents a clear, step-by-step guide to help you decide where to direct your money first. The framework helps you create a balanced strategy that allows you to build a financial safety net while efficiently eliminating debt.
要点：
- The first priority for almost everyone should be to build a starter 应急基金 of at least $500 to $1,000. This prevents small emergencies from forcing you into more debt.
- After establishing a small emergency fund, you should aggressively pay down any high-interest debt, like credit card balances, as the interest charged is often very high.
- If your employer offers a retirement plan with a company match, contribute enough to get the full match, as this is essentially a 100% return on your investment and a top priority.
- Once high-interest debt is gone, you can adopt a balanced approach by simultaneously building your full 3-6 month emergency fund and saving for other long-term goals.
信息应用：
- This model provides a clear roadmap to help you make smart decisions and reduce financial stress when you have competing financial priorities.
- You can use this framework to create an effective cash flow plan, ensuring your money is allocated in the most impactful way.
- By following these steps—starter 应急基金, attacking high-interest debt, and securing an employer match—you can build a strong financial foundation for future wealth creation.
7.8 Inflation and Interest Rates
通货膨胀会随着时间的推移降低货币的价值，从而降低储蓄的购买力。名义利率不考虑通货膨胀，而实际利率（名义利率减去通货膨胀率）则表明储蓄的实际增长。储蓄者应寻求一个超过通货膨胀的名义利率，以保持其储蓄的价值。
利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率
例子：
如果储蓄账户的名义利率为 3%，通货膨胀率为 2%，则实际利率实际上为 1%。一年内，经通胀调整后，该账户中资金的购买力仅增长 1%，这凸显了寻求超过通胀的储蓄或投资选择对于真正实现财富长期增长的重要性。
7.9 Inflation Protection and I Bonds
债券旨在抵御通货膨胀，因为其利率会随着通货膨胀而调整。当通货膨胀上升时，债券的利率也会上升，从而确保储蓄能够长期保持其购买力，而传统存单则不同，在高通胀环境下，固定利率可能会导致负实际回报。
未来价值和折现
数字： Calculating the Future Value of a Single Cash Flow
描述：
The infographic likely demonstrates the formula for calculating the future value of a single cash flow, which is a fundamental concept in finance. This formula helps in understanding how much an investment made today will grow to at a future date, considering a specific rate of interest. The formula is typically represented as FV = PV(1 + r)^n, where FV is the future value, PV is the present value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
要点：
- 未来价值（FV）公式对于计算投资随时间的增长至关重要。
- 了解这个公式可以让投资者估计未来的投资价值。
- 公式中的变量包括现值（PV）、利率（r）和期数（n），每个变量在计算中都起着至关重要的作用。
信息应用：
This concept is essential for anyone involved in financial planning, investment analysis, or saving for future goals. By applying this formula, individuals can make informed decisions about their investments, understanding how different rates of interest and time periods affect the growth of their money. It encourages strategic investment and helps in setting realistic expectations for investment returns, which is fundamental for long-term financial planning and wealth accumulation.
我们使用电子表格计算出，一个 10 岁的孩子需要每月存 $200，年利率为 5%，才能支付一年的大学学费，预计八年后学费为 $20,000。此示例说明了如何贴现货币的未来价值，考虑利息以确定今天需要存多少钱才能实现未来的财务目标。
数字： Using the FV Function in Excel to Calculate Future Value
描述：
The infographic likely demonstrates how to use the FV function in Excel to calculate the future value of an investment, considering a constant interest rate over a number of periods. The FV function is a powerful tool in Excel for financial analysis, allowing users to input variables such as rate, number of periods, payments, present value, and type (whether payments are made at the beginning or end of periods) to compute the future value of an investment.
要点：
- Excel 中的 FV 函数对于计算投资的未来价值至关重要。
- FV 函数的关键输入包括利率、期数、定期付款、现值和付款时间。
- 了解如何使用 FV 函数可以显著提高财务建模和投资分析技能。
信息应用：
This knowledge is crucial for finance students, financial analysts, and anyone involved in investment planning or analysis. By mastering the FV function, users can quickly assess the potential future value of investments, aiding in decision-making processes. It’s particularly useful for evaluating the growth of savings accounts, retirement funds, or any investment over time, providing a clear picture of financial futures.
7.10 Down Payments and Loans
支付贷款首付（例如 20% 购房首付）可减少总借款额，从而降低每月还款额，并且通常可以获得更优惠的利率。这会使借款人对贷款人更具吸引力，并且可以显著降低贷款成本。
7.11 Emergency Funds and Financial Planning
应急基金对于财务稳定至关重要，可为意外开支提供安全网。制定并维持包括短期和长期储蓄分配的预算可确保为生活中的不确定性做好准备并实现财务目标。
例子：
玛丽亚的车坏了，需要昂贵的维修。她修改了预算，减少可自由支配的开支，从娱乐和外出就餐类别中重新分配资金来支付维修费用，同时暂时减少储蓄账户的存款。
数字：个人理财规划的六个步骤
描述：
该图介绍了个人理财规划的六个步骤。首先评估个人当前的财务状况，包括资产和负债，然后设定财务目标、制定行动计划、评估投资选择、实施计划，并定期审查和修改策略。
要点：
- 当前财务状况评估 作为规划的起点至关重要。
- 目标设定 涉及为短期、中期和长期财务愿望分配价值和时间表。
- 一个 行动计划 必须考虑个人的风险承受能力并相应地调整投资选择。
- 投资选择 应与具体目标挂钩，并根据税收效率和适用性进行选择。
- 定期投资 有助于养成习惯和顺利实现财务目标。
- 定期审查 确保投资步入正轨并根据需要进行调整。
信息应用：
个人理财规划的基础是评估个人当前的财务状况。通过了解自己的财务状况，您可以设定切合实际的目标，确定需要改进的领域，并制定实现财务稳定和增长的路线图。此步骤可确保后续规划立足于现实，并根据个人独特的财务状况量身定制。
Contingency Planning for Financial Emergencies
Contingency planning involves preparing for unexpected financial shocks by having backup savings or insurance. A good contingency plan can help cover emergency expenses such as car repairs, medical bills, sudden unemployment, or major household repairs without derailing long-term financial goals.
例子：
- Backup Fund: Besides an emergency fund, maintain a small “contingency fund” specifically for very short-term needs.
- Insurance: Maintain adequate health, auto, and renters/homeowners insurance to mitigate major risks.
- Backup Budget: Create a reduced-spending version of your budget to activate if income drops suddenly.
了解工资和扣款
总薪酬 是员工扣除任何费用之前的总收入。 净薪即税后工资，即扣除税款、医疗保健和其他费用后的剩余金额。了解两者之间的差异对于准确预算至关重要。
7.12 Financial Institutions and Services
金融机构（包括银行、信用合作社和在线平台）提供各种产品，如支票和储蓄账户以及财务规划服务。选择合适的机构和服务对于有效管理资金和实现财务目标至关重要。
账户管理示例：
要有效管理支票账户，请定期查看交易并与个人记录核对以确保准确性。使用移动银行应用程序可以简化跟踪并帮助避免透支费用。
7.13 The Role of FDIC and NCUA Insurance
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits at banks, while the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) insures deposits at credit unions. Both agencies guarantee deposit accounts (up to $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank or credit union) in case the financial institution fails. This insurance provides consumers with peace of mind that their money is protected against institutional collapse.
例子：
If your bank closes unexpectedly, the FDIC will reimburse your insured deposits up to the coverage limit.
结论
Saving, managing financial products, preparing for inflation, and understanding the broader banking environment are essential skills for long-term financial success. By supplementing your knowledge with insights about CDs, market influences on interest rates, the differences between mobile/crypto accounts and traditional banks, federal insurance protections, and emergency contingency planning, you’ll be even better equipped to protect and grow your financial future.
主要课程信息：
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet，consectetur adipiscing elit。 Ut elit tellus，luctus nec ullamcorper mattis，pulvinar dapibus leo。
ZH 
EN 
PT 
SW 
ML 
AR 
ES 
EL 
ES_ES 
FR 
HI 
IT 
JA 
KO 
PT_PT 
PL 
DE 
LT 
UK 
KA 
DE_AT 
NB 
NN