第 13 章：退休计划（美国）

课程学习目标：

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美国的退休计划需要了解退休收入的多方面来源以及社会保障在退休计划中的作用。以下探讨了与美国退休计划相关的关键方面，包括社会保障和其他收入来源。

Figure: The infographic titled "The 9-5 Scam" presents a critical view of traditional work life. It points out that with a life expectancy of 78 years and a retirement age of 65, one would work for 50 years only to be free for 13 years. The message "Dreams don't happen unless you take action!" suggests that relying solely on a 9-5 job may not be the most effective path to fulfilling one's dreams. This visual is a call to action for individuals to take proactive steps towards their goals, possibly implying the pursuit of alternative income streams or early retirement strategies. For practical use, users should consider their long-term life and financial goals and explore various ways to achieve them beyond the conventional employment paradigm. Source: Custom Infographic

13.1 Understanding Social Security

社会保障基金： Social Security is funded through payroll taxes collected under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Both employees and employers contribute to this fund, which then provides benefits to retirees, disabled individuals, and survivors of deceased workers. Each paycheck has a deduction (typically 6.2% from the employee and 6.2% from the employer) funding future benefits. Understanding the funding method is crucial because changes in the workforce or tax rates could affect Social Security’s long-term sustainability.

提供的福利： 社会保障为退休人员提供安全网，根据其工作期间的收入提供每月收入。福利金额取决于退休年龄和个人的收入记录。

 

这 average Social Security benefit for a retired worker in 2023 is approximately $1,827 per month, but this varies depending on lifetime earnings and the age at which benefits are claimed.

 

  • 示例活动：设计一份宣传传单，重点介绍社会保障的福利。传单可以说明 62 岁提前退休可能导致的福利低于完全退休年龄的福利，以及延迟至 70 岁领取福利可以增加每月福利金额。包括视觉效果或图表，以显示不同收入水平的福利差异。



13.2 Diversifying Retirement Income

退休收入的不同来源：

 

  • 社会保障： 许多退休人员的基本收入来源，根据您的收入历史提供福利。
  • 雇主赞助的退休计划： 例如 401（k）计划和养老金，它们对于积累退休储备金至关重要。
  • 个人投资： 包括 IRA、股票、债券和其他投资工具。
  • 持续就业收入： 退休后从事兼职工作或咨询工作可以补充收入。

 

Typical sources of retirement income also include annuities, real estate rental income, reverse mortgages, and health savings accounts (HSAs) for medical expenses.

 

退休后的多种收入来源： Relying on a single source of retirement income, like Social Security may not be sufficient for a comfortable retirement. A diversified income strategy incorporating employer-sponsored plans and personal investments can offer a way to maintain financial security and flexibility during retirement. 

 

雇主赞助的退休计划： Participating in these plans is critical, like a 401(k). Many employers offer a match to your contributions, which is essentially free money for your retirement fund. Maximizing your contribution to receive the full employer match can significantly impact your retirement savings. Employees should strive to contribute at least enough to receive the full employer match — otherwise, they are leaving free money on the table.

 

健康储蓄账户（HSA） are another valuable tool for retirement planning. HSAs allow tax-free savings for medical expenses in retirement, reducing the financial burden of healthcare costs.

 

平均社会保障福利： 根据最新数据，退休工人每月的平均社会保障福利约为 $1,543。但是，这个数额会根据您的收入历史和您开始领取福利的年龄而有所不同。

 数字： 退休储蓄策略

 描述：

 

The image outlines various strategies to save for retirement:

  1. 每年节省 15%： 目标是每年节省至少 15% 的收入。
  2. 节省最大的开支： 优先为退休期间发生的重大开支进行储蓄。
  3. 每年节省超过15%： 如果可能的话，请存下比建议的15%更多的钱来建立更丰厚的退休基金。
  4. 最大化你的退休账户： 充分利用 401（k）和 IRA 等退休账户。
  5. 现在进行长期投资： 专注于长期投资以增加您的退休储蓄。
  6. 利用补缴捐款： 如果您年满 50 岁，请向您的退休账户补缴款项。
  7. 长期退休预算： 考虑较长的退休期来规划您的储蓄。
  8. 获取退休计划帮助： 寻求专业建议以确保您走在安全退休的正确道路上。

 

 要点：

 

  • 每年节省相当一部分收入对于舒适的退休生活至关重要。
  • 长期投资和最大化退休账户供款可以显著增加您的退休基金。
  • 为长期退休制定预算并获得专业的退休计划建议可以帮助确保退休期间的财务安全。

 

 信息应用：

 

这些策略提供了一种结构化的退休储蓄方法。通过遵循这些指导方针，个人可以努力建立一个可观的退休基金，以支持他们度过退休岁月。尽早开始储蓄和投资、充分利用退休账户并考虑寻求专业建议以确保精心规划和财务安全的退休生活至关重要。

 

 

13.3 Planning for Retirement

为了确保舒适的退休生活，必须做到以下几点：

  • 尽早开始储蓄以利用复利。
  • 使您的退休收入来源多样化，以降低风险并提高财务安全。
  • 了解社会保障的好处和局限性，并制定相应的计划以最大限度地提高您的福利。
  • 参与雇主赞助的退休计划，并努力贡献足够的钱来获得雇主的全额匹配。
  • 考虑个人投资和个人退休账户 (IRA) 等储蓄计划来建立额外的退休储蓄。

 

Taxable vs Tax-Deferred vs Tax-Advantaged Accounts:

  • Taxable accounts (like brokerage accounts) do not offer any upfront tax benefits.

  • Tax-deferred accounts (like Traditional IRAs and 401(k)s) allow contributions to grow tax-free until retirement when withdrawals are taxed as income.

  • Tax-advantaged accounts (like Roth IRAs) involve paying taxes upfront, but earnings and qualified withdrawals are tax-free.”

 

Retirement vs Estate Planning:

  • Retirement planning focuses on ensuring financial independence during retirement by building savings through Social Security, employer plans, and personal investments.

  • Estate planning addresses how your assets will be distributed after your death and includes tools like wills, trusts, and beneficiary designations.

13.4 Estate Planning Tools:

Figure: A symbolic representation of retirement savings with a golden egg nestled securely, suggesting the importance of building a financial nest egg for the future.
  • 将要： Legal document directing asset distribution after death.

  • 生前遗嘱： Outlines healthcare wishes if incapacitated.

  • Trust: Allows assets to be managed and distributed without going through probate court.

  • Annuities and Pensions: Can provide income streams to support heirs.
     Understanding these tools ensures your wishes are honored and can reduce taxes or legal fees for your heirs

结论

  • 美国的退休计划应包括一项综合战略，将社会保障、雇主赞助的计划、个人投资以及可能的持续就业收入结合起来。了解社会保障的资金来源及其提供的福利至关重要，分散退休收入以确保黄金时代的财务稳定也很重要。

拥有一个深思熟虑的退休计划可以帮助您积累一笔钱，为您的退休生活提供经济保障和安心。

主要课程信息：

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